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		<title>The Unrestrained Driver</title>
		<link>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/29/the-unrestrained-driver/</link>
		<comments>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/29/the-unrestrained-driver/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 29 Mar 2008 02:30:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stepowl</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[madical case study]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[A 26-year-old man with an unknown past medical history arrives to the emergency department (ED) by ambulance. He had been driving his car while unrestrained and was involved in a high-speed motor vehicle collision. There was airbag deployment and significant front-end damage to the vehicle, with intrusion into the passenger compartment of the car. The [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=stepowl.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2409106&amp;post=17&amp;subd=stepowl&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img width="618" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/casecme/2008/9070/images/art-nelson9070.fig1.gif" height="479" /></p>
<p>A 26-year-old man with an unknown past medical history arrives to the emergency department (ED) by ambulance. He had been driving his car while unrestrained and was involved in a high-speed motor vehicle collision. There was airbag deployment and significant front-end damage to the vehicle, with intrusion into the passenger compartment of the car. The patient was extricated from the vehicle and placed on a backboard, and a cervical collar was placed by EMS. A non-rebreather facemask and 1 peripheral intravenous (IV) line were placed in the field.</p>
<p>On arrival to the hospital, the patient is ill-appearing and combative. His initial vital signs are a heart rate of 117 bpm, a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, a respiratory rate of 32 breaths/min, and an oxygen saturation of 91% on the non-rebreather mask. On primary survey, his oropharynx is clear, his airway is patent, and his trachea appears to be shifted to the right of midline. On auscultation, the patient&#8217;s breath sounds are decreased over the left chest. Percussion of the left chest demonstrates hyperresonance. His carotid pulse is weakly palpable, and his jugular venous pulse is elevated. The patient receives a <a href="http://stepowl.wordpress.com/viewarticle/412341">Glasgow Coma Scale</a> score of 12. The patient&#8217;s clothing is removed, revealing no obvious deformities or areas of bleeding. The patient&#8217;s abdomen is soft, without any tenderness to palpation. His pelvis is stable. Standard trauma x-rays, including an anteroposterior (AP) chest and pelvis scan, are performed after the primary survey. A complete secondary survey is postponed because of the patient&#8217;s poor clinical condition.</p>
<p>A second large-bore peripheral intravenous line is placed, and the patient begins to receive a bolus of 1000 cc of normal saline under pressure. A decision to perform an emergent procedure is made. Immediately after the procedure is performed, the patient is noted to have a dramatic clinical improvement. Subsequent to the procedure, the patient has a pulse of 105 bpm, a blood pressure of 95/60 mm Hg, a respiratory rate of 22 breaths/min, and an oxygen saturation of 98% on the non-rebreather mask. The secondary survey is completed, revealing no major injuries. Additionally, the chest radiograph (see Figure 1) confirms the suspected clinical diagnosis that prompted the emergent procedure.<br />
<a name="question" title="question"></a><!-- QUESTIONS --></p>
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<td>
<p class="incorrectqacme"><span class="incorrectanswer">Questions answered incorrectly will be highlighted.</span></p>
<p class="questionintro">&nbsp;</p>
<table class="qatable">
<tr vAlign="top" class="question">
<td colSpan="4" width="99%">What is the underlying pathophysiology, and what procedure was performed?<i>Hint: The cause of this patient&#8217;s hypotension and hypoxia is a clinical diagnosis, and although a portable chest radiograph was performed in this case, this condition should not typically require imaging.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">A</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Upper airway obstruction; cricothyrotomy</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">B</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Tension pneumothorax; needle thoracostomy</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">C</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Hypovolumic shock; central line placement</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">D</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Pericardial tamponade; pericardiocentesis</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
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		<title>A 55-Year-Old Woman with Shortness of Breath and a Rapid Heart Rate</title>
		<link>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/27/a-55-year-old-woman-with-shortness-of-breath-and-a-rapid-heart-rate/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 27 Mar 2008 08:40:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stepowl</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[madical case study]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://stepowl.wordpress.com/?p=16</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A 55-year-old woman with a past medical history of congestive heart failure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and lupus anticoagulant syndrome presents to the emergency department (ED) with severe, progressive shortness of breath that has lasted for the past 12 hours, with associated chest pressure and wheezing. She denies having any leg swelling, chills, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=stepowl.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2409106&amp;post=16&amp;subd=stepowl&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img width="678" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/casecme/2008/8995/images/art-8995izuchukwu.fig1.gif" height="479" /></p>
<p>A 55-year-old woman with a past medical history of congestive heart failure, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and lupus anticoagulant syndrome presents to the emergency department (ED) with severe, progressive shortness of breath that has lasted for the past 12 hours, with associated chest pressure and wheezing. She denies having any leg swelling, chills, sore throat, coughing, or heartburn. Before reaching the ED, she used her albuterol inhaler without relief of symptoms and contacted emergency medical services (EMS). She has a 40-pack-year history of tobacco use, as well as a history of alcoholism (with her last consumption being 4 years before presentation) and remote marijuana use. Her medication regimen includes furosemide, fosinopril, isosorbide nitrate, pantoprazole, spironolactone, and enteric-coated aspirin, but she has a well-documented history of noncompliance.</p>
<p>On physical examination, the patient is afebrile, with a heart rate of 150 bpm, a blood pressure of 202/126 mm Hg, a respiratory rate of 26 breaths/min, and an oxygen saturation of 81% while breathing room air (which improved to 92% when she was given a non-rebreather face mask). In general, she has labored respirations and is unable to speak in full sentences. She has no jugular venous distention of the neck; however, her lung fields are remarkable for bilateral crackles. Her heart sounds include S1 and S2, but no murmurs, rubs, or gallops are noted. The patient has 1+ pitting edema of the lower extremities bilaterally. Incidentally, an atopic dyshidrotic eczematous rash of the skin is noted on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the patient&#8217;s hands and feet.</p>
<p>An arterial blood gas drawn while the patient is breathing room air reveals a pH of 7.27, with a partial oxygen pressure of 54 mm Hg and a partial carbon dioxide pressure of 63 mm Hg. The complete blood count (CBC), coagulation profile, serum electrolyte panel, and renal function test are unremarkable. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is performed (see Figure 1), and it shows a tachycardic rhythm of 152 bpm, with a left bundle branch block (which is noted to be pre-existing when compared with a previous ECG). A chest radiograph is performed, which reveals evidence of pulmonary edema.<br />
<a name="question" title="question"></a><!-- QUESTIONS --></p>
<form method="post" action="/qna/AddResponses" name="questionForm">
<table class="qacontainer">
<tr>
<td>
<p class="incorrectqacme"><span class="incorrectanswer">Questions answered incorrectly will be highlighted.</span></p>
<p class="questionintro">&nbsp;</p>
<table class="qatable">
<tr vAlign="top" class="question">
<td colSpan="4" width="99%">What is the rhythm demonstrated on the ECG?<i>Hint: The rhythm can sometimes be difficult to differentiate from a supraventricular tachycardia.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">A</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Atrial fibrillation</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">B</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Ventricular tachycardia</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">C</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Atrial flutter</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">D</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Torsades de pointes</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
<p><img width="696" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/casecme/2008/8995/images/art-8995izuchukwu.fig2.gif" height="479" /></p>
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		<title>Fleshy Lesions on a 32-Year-Old Woman</title>
		<link>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/25/fleshy-lesions-on-a-32-year-old-woman/</link>
		<comments>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/25/fleshy-lesions-on-a-32-year-old-woman/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 25 Mar 2008 12:29:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stepowl</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[1]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[A 32-year-old woman presents to the emergency department (ED) with several flesh-colored papules on her face, trunk, and upper extremities. She first noticed the lesions at approximately 10 years of age; however, over the past 5 years, the lesions have increased in number and become uncomfortable. She primarily complains of irritation from the lesions along [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=stepowl.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2409106&amp;post=15&amp;subd=stepowl&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/casecme/2008/8751/art-Abbey.fig1.jpg" /></p>
<p>A 32-year-old woman presents to the emergency department (ED) with several flesh-colored papules on her face, trunk, and upper extremities.</p>
<p>She first noticed the lesions at approximately 10 years of age; however, over the past 5 years, the lesions have increased in number and become uncomfortable. She primarily complains of irritation from the lesions along her bra line. She underwent excision of similar skin lesions 5 years ago, but they have since recurred. She denies having any discharge, pain, trauma, contact with individuals with atypical skin lesions or rashes, travel out of the country, unusual exposure to animals, or a history of sexually transmitted diseases.</p>
<p>The patient&#8217;s medical and surgical history includes environmental allergies, frequent episodes of bronchitis, and the aforementioned excisions. She has no known drug allergies, and she takes cetirizine HCl and fluticasone propionate for seasonal allergies. Her family history is significant for coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and glaucoma, but there is no family history of similar lesions. She does not smoke and only drinks alcohol on occasion. The review of her systems is otherwise unremarkable.</p>
<p>The physical examination reveals dozens of 0.5-2.0 cm fleshy nodules spread over her trunk, face, and upper extremities. The nodules are nontender to palpation and nonerythematous, and they produce no discharge, crusting, or scaling. Several tan oval macules measuring 1.5-3 cm in size and patches with well-defined borders are located on her trunk and upper extremities (see Images). Her vital signs are within normal limits, and her other physical findings are unremarkable.<br />
<a name="question"></a><!-- QUESTIONS --><br />
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<p class="incorrectqacme"><span class="incorrectanswer">Questions answered incorrectly will be highlighted.</span></p>
<p class="questionintro">&nbsp;</p>
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<td colSpan="4" width="99%">What is the diagnosis?</p>
<p><i>Hint: Tan macules or patches, known as &#8220;café-au-lait spots,&#8221; are characteristic of this genetic disorder.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">A</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Neurofibromatosis</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">B</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">McCune-Albright syndrome</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">C</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Vitiligo</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%">D</td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Hansen Disease</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
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		<title>&#8220;Trị&#8221; chứng ăn ngậm ở trẻ</title>
		<link>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/24/tr%e1%bb%8b-ch%e1%bb%a9ng-an-ng%e1%ba%adm-%e1%bb%9f-tr%e1%ba%bb/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Mar 2008 15:43:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stepowl</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Bé khoẻ bé ngoan]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[“Đánh vật với con cả tiếng đồng hồ… mà không hết cốc sữa, bát bột. Chế biến, thay đổi khẩu vị thường xuyên nhưng bé vẫn ngậm khi ăn. Tôi thực sự mệt mỏi, stress mỗi lần tới bữa cho con ăn”, Chị Vân ở khu đô thị Văn Quán, Hà Đông than thở. Ngậm [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=stepowl.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2409106&amp;post=13&amp;subd=stepowl&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><b><span class="story_teaser">“Đánh vật với con cả tiếng đồng hồ… mà không hết cốc sữa, bát bột. Chế biến, thay đổi khẩu vị thường xuyên nhưng bé vẫn ngậm khi ăn. Tôi thực sự mệt mỏi, stress mỗi lần tới bữa cho con ăn”, Chị Vân ở khu đô thị Văn Quán, Hà Đông than thở.</span></b></p>
<p><span class="story_body"></span><span class="story_body"></p>
<p style="margin:0;" class="MsoNormal"><b>Ngậm từ đêm tới sáng</b></p>
<p> Bé Nguyễn Hải Phong khi sinh ra được 3,3kg, đến giờ đã 14 tháng mà chỉ được 7,5kg tính cả quần lẫn áo. Chị Vân kể, không chỉ không chịu ăn thêm sữa ngoài mà ngay đến bột bé cũng lười ăn. Lựa mãi mới bón cho bé được miếng thì phải đi rong mất vài lượt dọc hành lang khu chung cư, quay lại nơi để bột bé vẫn… chưa nuốt. </p>
<p style="margin:0;" class="MsoNormal">“Lưng bát con bột mà phải hâm nóng vài lần mới hi vọng hết được non nửa”, chị nói.</p>
<p> Vì con ăn ít, chị cho ăn thêm một bữa bột lúc 9h tối. Nhiều lần, bé không chịu nuốt, rồi đi ngủ luôn. Nếu chị quên không dùng tay lựa lấy ra thì bé vẫn ngậm trong miệng đến tận… khi tỉnh dậy đòi bú mẹ.  Theo TS Nguyễn Tiến Dũng, Trưởng Khoa Nhi BV Bạch Mai, hiện tượng trẻ ăn ngậm lâu không phải là hiếm. Đây là một thói quen rất xấu của trẻ. Khi ngậm thức ăn lâu trong miệng, men tiêu hoá thức ăn ở tuyến nước bọt đã chuyển hoá thức ăn thành đường tạo nên vị ngọt nên bé càng thích ngậm lâu hơn. Nhất là ở những bé mải chơi, vừa chơi vừa ăn. Chỉ một vài lần do mải chơi không nuốt, nhai thức ăn, dần dần sẽ hình thành thói quen khó bỏ.  Không chỉ khiến người cho ăn cáu giận, mệt mỏi mà thói quen ngậm thức ăn cũng tác động xấu tới trẻ. Vì ngậm thức ăn lâu trong miệng, lượng đường được men tiêu hoá tạo nên sẽ bám vào răng và gây sâu răng từ khi trẻ còn rất nhỏ.  Ở các vùng nông thôn hay có thói quen “nhai cơm” cho trẻ trước khi ăn. Lúc đó, do tuyến nước bọt của người lớn giúp chuyển hoá thức ăn thành đường, có vị ngọt nên trẻ hào hứng ăn. Nhưng ngược lại, nó rất mất vệ sinh. Vi khuẩn và các mầm bệnh từ người bón cơm sẽ lây sang cho trẻ và dễ dàng gây bệnh truyền nhiễm vì sức đề kháng của trẻ còn yếu. <b>Cách khắc phục</b> Có nhiều nguyên nhân khiến bé ăn ngậm, nhưng một phần có thể là do cách chế biến thức ăn. Nếu thức ăn được chế biến không phù hợp với độ tuổi, hàm răng, sở thích… thì bé lại càng trở nên lười nuốt hơn. Vì thế, cần rất chú ý nấu ăn theo đúng độ tuổi của bé. Không ít người con đã lớn 2 &#8211; 3 tuổi mà vẫn cho ăn cháo xay, cháo hạt nấu kỹ… vô tình càng làm trẻ trở nên lười nhai, lười nuốt.  Ăn thức ăn được xay nhuyễn kéo dài quá lâu vì sẽ hình thành thói quen lười nhai và trẻ sẽ ngậm thức ăn. Khi không chịu nhai, men tiêu hoá không được kích thích bài tiết đủ cũng là lý do khiến trẻ chán ăn, hay ngậm. Nhưng cũng có người con mới được hơn một năm, đã cho bé ăn cơm nên bé khó nhai nát thức ăn, khiến bé cũng sẽ lười nuốt hơn. Vì thế, khi trẻ mới bắt đầu ăn sam cần phải nấu thức ăn lỏng, mềm. Còn khi bắt đầu có răng, nên nấu thức ăn cứng hơn để bé tập nhai.  Cha mẹ cũng không nên “ép” trẻ ăn trong một bữa. Với những trẻ hay ăn ngậm, việc chia bữa nhỏ rất có ý nghĩa để trẻ cảm thấy thoải mái và lượng thức ăn cần trong một ngày vẫn được “nạp” đủ dù mất công sức, thời gian nhiều hơn. “Nhiều trẻ khi mới ăn vẫn chịu nuốt. Nhưng khi đã hơi lưng dạ mới bắt đầu lười nhai. Lúc này không nên cố ép trẻ vì dù bón được bé vẫn không chịu nuốt. Sau đó khoảng 1 &#8211; 2 tiếng hãy bón cho trẻ”, BS Dũng khuyên.  Khi bé ăn ngoan, hãy khen, khuyến khích và động viên trẻ. Đừng để giờ ăn trở thành một cực hình với trẻ mà cần là thú vui. Cho trẻ quanh quẩn trong bếp chế biến thức ăn cùng mẹ cũng là cách để tạo hứng thú cho trẻ được thưởng thức món ăn do mình tham gia chế biến. Ngoài ra, kết hợp nhiều món trong một bữa cơm, lúc thì miếng cơm, khi thì miếng bún, rồi quả trứng luộc, ít thịt băm rang… cũng có thể khắc phục tình trạng ăn ngậm của trẻ, do mỗi món có một mùi vị khác nhau, sẽ kích thích trẻ ăn hơn.  Cha mẹ cũng nên đổi món thường xuyên cho trẻ, bữa mặn, bữa ngọt, bữa thịt, bữa cá và bổ sung nhiều rau xanh. Khi ăn, nên cho trẻ ăn kèm 1 muỗng nước canh hoặc nước trái cây với 1 muỗng cháo, cơm để trẻ nuốt nhanh hơn.  TS Dũng cũng đưa ra lời khuyên, không nên cho trẻ vừa ăn vừa chơi, lâu dần sẽ thành thói quen. Có thể thời gian đầu, dễ cho trẻ ăn hơn, trẻ ăn nhiều hơn nhưng lâu dần, rất dễ tạo thói quen mải chơi, mải xem mà ngậm thức ăn trong miệng, quên nhai nuốt. Theo <b>Thu Thuỷ</b><i>VTC</i></span></p>
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		<title>A Middle-Aged Man with Vesiculobullous Lesions on His Feet and Hands</title>
		<link>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/20/a-middle-aged-man-with-vesiculobullous-lesions-on-his-feet-and-hands/</link>
		<comments>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/20/a-middle-aged-man-with-vesiculobullous-lesions-on-his-feet-and-hands/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 20 Mar 2008 04:57:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stepowl</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[madical case study]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[A 57-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension presents to the emergency department (ED) with a 2-week history of vesiculobullous lesions on his feet and hands. The lesions first appeared on both of his feet and have been increasing in size and number; over the last several days, they have begun to [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=stepowl.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2409106&amp;post=12&amp;subd=stepowl&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img width="349" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/casecme/2008/8971/images/art-grimm8971.fig1.gif" height="479" /></p>
<p><img width="349" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/editorial/casecme/2008/8971/images/art-grimm8971.fig2.gif" height="479" /></p>
<p>A 57-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension presents to the emergency department (ED) with a 2-week history of vesiculobullous lesions on his feet and hands. The lesions first appeared on both of his feet and have been increasing in size and number; over the last several days, they have begun to develop on both of his palms and on the sides of the fingers. The patient was seen at a different clinic approximately 1 week ago and was given an ointment to treat the lesions; this has not resulted in any improvement. The lesions are extremely pruritic. The patient has not had any recent travel history, and he lives alone, without any pets, in a regularly cleaned apartment. He has had no discernible new exposures and has not experienced any fevers or constitutional symptoms. The patient is on insulin, labetalol, and a combination pill of lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide plus omeprazole; he has been on these medications for a long time and has had no prior complications. The patient has no known allergies.</p>
<p>On physical examination, the patient is well-appearing at rest, without any signs of undue anxiety or discomfort. His vital signs show a temperature of 98.7ºF (37.1ºC), blood pressure of 130/85 mm Hg, heart rate of 70 bpm, respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation of 98% while breathing room air. Fluid-filled vesicles ranging in size from 1 mm to 3 cm are present on the instep and plantar aspects of his feet (see Figures 1 &amp; 2). The vesicles are present on the palms of his hands and the sides of the fingers as well. The lesions are all skin-colored, without any surrounding erythema. No other lesions are found anywhere else on the patient&#8217;s body. The lesions are nontender to palpation; additionally, his legs exhibit nonpitting edema up to the knees and reduced sensation to light touch, both long-standing conditions. The oropharynx is clear of any lesions, and the rest of the physical examination is unremarkable.</p>
<table class="qatable">
<tr vAlign="top" class="question">
<td colSpan="4" width="99%">What is the skin condition being described?<i>Hint: Pay particular attention to the anatomic clustering of the lesions.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Allergic contact dermatitis</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Herpes simplex</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Impetigo</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Dyshidrotic eczema</td>
</tr>
</table>
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		<title>Near-Syncope in a 24-Year-Old Man</title>
		<link>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/15/near-syncope-in-a-24-year-old-man/</link>
		<comments>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/15/near-syncope-in-a-24-year-old-man/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 15 Mar 2008 11:42:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stepowl</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[madical case study]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[A 24-year-old man with no significant past medical history presents to the emergency department (ED) with a complaint of several episodes of a sensation of nearly blacking out. The episodes have occurred about 3-4 times over the 3 days before presentation. The duration of each episode has ranged from a few minutes to over an [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=stepowl.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2409106&amp;post=10&amp;subd=stepowl&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://stepowl.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/art-8915qbig1.gif" title="art-8915qbig1.gif"><img src="http://stepowl.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/art-8915qbig1.gif?w=470" alt="art-8915qbig1.gif" /></a>A 24-year-old man with no significant past medical history presents to the emergency department (ED) with a complaint of several episodes of a sensation of nearly blacking out. The episodes have occurred about 3-4 times over the 3 days before presentation. The duration of each episode has ranged from a few minutes to over an hour. The patient notes that he has felt his &#8220;heart beating really fast,&#8221; with associated light-headedness. He denies having any chest pain, shortness of breath, or nausea associated with these events. He cannot identify exacerbating or alleviating factors; specifically, he denies exertion as an inciting factor. The remainder of his review of systems is negative except for some mild chronic shortness of breath. The patient takes no medications at home and has no active medical conditions. He smokes 2-4 packs of cigarettes per day and has done so for 5-6 years. He denies any illicit drug use or recent use of over-the-counter medications or herbal remedies. He has no history of any significant cardiac disease or sudden cardiac death in his family.</p>
<p>On physical examination, the patient is afebrile, with a pulse of 65 bpm, a blood pressure of 120/84 mm Hg, and a respiratory rate of 15 breaths/min. His room air saturation reading is 100%. In general, he is well-appearing and in no acute distress. The patient&#8217;s neck examination shows no jugular venous distention. The heart sounds, including S1and S2, reveal no audible murmurs, rubs, or gallops. The apical impulse is nondisplaced and of normal impact. The lung sounds are diminished throughout, but there are no wheezes, rales, or rhonchi. He has no edema of the lower extremities, and the distal pulses are easily palpable. All other exam findings, including a neurologic examination, are unremarkable.</p>
<p>The patient is placed on a cardiac monitor, and an 18-gauge intravenous (IV) catheter is inserted into the antecubital fossa. Laboratory tests consisting of a complete blood count (CBC) and serum electrolytes are ordered. A portable chest radiograph reveals slight hyperinflation and hyperlucency of the lung fields, with a flattened diaphragm and central pulmonary artery enlargement. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is obtained (see Figure 1).<br />
<a name="question" title="question"></a><!-- QUESTIONS --></p>
<form method="post" action="/qna/AddResponses" name="questionForm">
<table class="qacontainer">
<tr>
<td>
<p class="incorrectqacme"><span class="incorrectanswer">Questions answered incorrectly will be highlighted.</span></p>
<p class="questionintro">&nbsp;</p>
<table class="qatable">
<tr vAlign="top" class="question">
<td colSpan="4" width="99%">What is the diagnosis?<i>Hint: Pay close attention to the intervals and the QRS complex morphology.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Ventricular fibrillation</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Sinus tachycardia</td>
</tr>
<tr vAlign="top">
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="98%" class="answer">Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
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		<title>An 84-Year-Old White Woman With Nausea, Vomiting, and Abdominal Pain</title>
		<link>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/02/an-84-year-old-white-woman-with-nausea-vomiting-and-abdominal-pain/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Mar 2008 14:26:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stepowl</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[madical case study]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[From Medscape General Medicine™ Posted 10/04/2004 Christopher Gasink, MD; David A. Katzka, MD  Case Presentation An 84-year-old white woman with a medical history of diverticulosis presented with a chief complaint of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The patient reported that her symptoms began 4 days earlier, with fatigue, followed by repeated episodes of nausea and [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=stepowl.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2409106&amp;post=8&amp;subd=stepowl&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img width="410" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/global/ornaments/spacer.gif" height="10" /></p>
<div class="text12">From <a href="http://www.medscape.com/pages/homepages/ejournal/mgm">Medscape General Medicine™</a></div>
<p><img width="410" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/global/ornaments/spacer.gif" height="10" /></p>
<div class="text12">Posted 10/04/2004</div>
<p><img width="410" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/global/ornaments/spacer.gif" height="20" /></p>
<div class="text12"><b>Christopher Gasink, MD; David A. Katzka, MD </b></div>
<p><img width="1" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/global/ornaments/spacer.gif" height="15" /></p>
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<h3>Case Presentation</h3>
<p>An 84-year-old white woman with a medical history of diverticulosis presented with a chief complaint of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The patient reported that her symptoms began 4 days earlier, with fatigue, followed by repeated episodes of nausea and vomiting of food (without blood) and severe pain that began in her lower back and then radiated to her bilateral lower quadrants. She denied any gastrointestinal bleeding or diarrhea. She subsequently developed &#8220;hot and cold waves,&#8221; sweats, and shakes, at which point she called emergency medical services. The patient was taken to an outside hospital, where abdominal films showed dilated loops of large bowel in the left lower quadrant (not shown). She underwent a colonoscopy (not shown) that showed no volvulus and extensive diverticulosis, but the colonoscope was unable to pass to the right colon. She was sent to the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) 3 days later.</p>
<h4>Further Work-up</h4>
<p>On admission to HUP, the patient stated that she had been feeling better throughout the day (of admission) and reported a 50% improvement in her nausea and near resolution of her abdominal pain. Physical exam revealed a temperature of 97.8° F, blood pressure of 154/72, pulse rate of 78 beats per minute, and oxygen saturation of 94% on room air. Her lungs were clear and her heart showed regular rhythm with an S4. The abdomen showed mild diffuse tenderness (greater in the upper than lower abdomen), no rebound, and no guarding. Results of complete blood count and serum chemistries were unremarkable. However, in the evening of the day that the patient was admitted to hospital, her abdominal pain worsened. Physical examination showed that she had become much more distended. She underwent abdominal radiography followed by a barium enema study (Figures 1 and 2).</p></div>
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<td width="15%"><a target="Figure" href="http://images.medscape.com/images/484/518/art-mgm484518.fig1.jpg"><img border="0" width="72" src="http://images.medscape.com/images/484/518/thumb-mgm484518.fig1.gif" alt="Click to zoom" height="72" /></a></td>
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<div class="text12"><b>Figure 1.</b>  (click image to zoom)</div>
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<div class="text12"><b>Figure 2.</b>  (click image to zoom)</div>
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<h4>1. Based on the clinical findings and results of imaging studies, what is your diagnosis?</h4>
<div class="text12">
<blockquote><p><img border="0" align="baseline" width="12" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/global/dingbats/RadioButtonOpen.GIF" height="12" /><a target="Answer" href="http://stepowl.wordpress.com/viewarticle/484518_ans1"> Click here for answer </a></p></blockquote>
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<td width="60%">Section 1 of 2</td>
<td width="40%" align="right"><a href="http://stepowl.wordpress.com/viewarticle/484518_2"><img border="0" width="73" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/global/buttons/btn-continued.gif" alt="Continue" height="13" /></a><img width="1" src="http://images.medscape.com/pi/global/ornaments/spacer.gif" height="15" /></td>
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<div class="text12"><b>Christopher Gasink, MD</b>, Fellow in Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania<b>David A. Katzka, MD</b>, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology; Co-director, Motility and Physiology Program; Director, Swallowing Program; Director, Education Program, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</div>
<div class="text12">Disclosure: David A. Katza, MD, has disclosed that he serves on the speakers bureaus for AstraZeneca and Novartis.Disclosure: Christopher Gasink, MD, has no significant financial interests or relationships to disclose.</div>
<div class="text10">
<div class="text10">Medscape General Medicine.  2004;6(4):15.  ©2004 Medscape</div>
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		<title>Thêm một trung tâm thụ tinh trong ống nghiệm &#8211; 1/3/2008 21h:35</title>
		<link>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2008/03/02/them-m%e1%bb%99t-trung-tam-th%e1%bb%a5-tinh-trong-%e1%bb%91ng-nghi%e1%bb%87m-132008-21h35/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 02 Mar 2008 00:55:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stepowl</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Đơm hoa kết trái]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Vừa qua, trong tháng 2 năm 2008, Bộ Y tế đã quyết định công nhận đơn vị IVF Vạn Hạnh, thuộc Bệnh viện đa khoa Vạn Hạnh đủ điều kiện thực hiện kỹ thuật hỗ trợ sinh sản. Đây là địa chỉ khám và điều trị hiếm muộn thứ tư ở TP.HCM. Quyết định trên [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=stepowl.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2409106&amp;post=7&amp;subd=stepowl&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><strong>Vừa qua, trong tháng 2 năm 2008, Bộ Y tế đã quyết định công nhận đơn vị IVF Vạn Hạnh, thuộc Bệnh viện đa khoa Vạn Hạnh đủ điều kiện thực hiện kỹ thuật hỗ trợ sinh sản. Đây là địa chỉ khám và điều trị hiếm muộn thứ tư ở TP.HCM.</strong></p>
<p align="justify">Quyết định trên của Bộ Y tế căn cứ trên kết quả hoạt động khám và điều trị của đơn vị IVF Vạn Hạnh từ tháng 7/2007 đến nay.</p>
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<p>Cho đến tháng 2/2008, đơn vị IVF Vạn Hạnh đã nhận khám và điều trị cho trên 300 cặp vợ chồng, thực hiện đầy đủ các kỹ thuật Hỗ Trợ Sinh Sản từ bơm tinh trùng vào buồng tử cung (IUI) đến thụ tinh trong ống nghiệm như IVF, ICSI, PESA &#8211; ICSI (xem giải thích thuật ngữ ở box phía dưới tin).</p>
<p align="justify">Riêng trong năm 2007, đơn vị IVF Vạn Hạnh đã có 95 bệnh nhân được làm thụ tinh trong ống nghiệm (TTTON) và tỉ lệ có thai là 38,8%. Đây là tỉ lệ thành công khá cao so với các trung tâm TTTON ở Việt nam và thế giới. Cho đến nay, IVF Vạn Hạnh đã có trên 50 trường hợp có thai từ TTTON. Em bé TTTON đầu tiên của đơn vị này dự kiến chào đời vào tháng 04/2008.</p>
<p align="justify">Chi phí điều trị hiếm muộn bằng kỹ thuật IVF hiện nay ở Vạn Hạnh là 11 triệu đồng, ICSI: 14 triệu đồng, PESA &#8211; ICSI: 17 triệu đồng.</p>
<p align="justify">Đây là địa chỉ khám và điều trị hiếm muộn thứ tư ở TP.HCM (Sau Bệnh viện Từ Dũ, Bệnh viện Hùng Vương, Bệnh viện Phụ Sản quốc tế). Hiện nay, nhu cầu khám và điều trị và hiếm muộn của người dân ngày càng tăng. Các trung tâm điều trị hiếm muộn tại TPHCM đều trong tình trạng quá tải. Người dân có nhu cầu thường phải chờ đợi và mất nhiều thời gian để được khám và điều trị.</p>
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<p align="center"><strong><font color="#003366">ICSI hiện được sử dụng nhiều nhất </font></strong></p>
<p align="justify"><font color="#003366"><strong>IUI (intrauterine insemination):</strong> Thụ tinh ống nghiệm hay còn gọi là thụ tinh nhân tạo trong buồng tử cung. </font></p>
<p align="justify"><font color="#003366"><strong>IVF (In vitro fertilisation):</strong> Thụ tinh trong ống nghiệm với số lượng tinh trùng bình thường.</p>
<p>ICSI (Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) thường được đọc là íc-si. Đây là từ viết tắt từ thuật ngữ tiếng Anh của kỹ thuật tiêm thẳng tinh trùng vào bào tương ứng (trứng) . Trong trường hợp tinh trùng có chất lượng kém hoặc số lượng ít, sử dụng phương pháp này. Đây là một kỹ thuật tinh vi nhằm giúp đỡ sự thụ tinh giữa trứng và tinh trùng. </font></p>
<p align="justify"><font color="#003366">Bản chất của ICSI là một kỹ thuật hỗ trợ cho sự thụ tinh giữa trứng và tinh trùng. Các bước thực hiện ICSI tương tự như một trường hợp thụ tinh trong ống nghiệm thông thường. Người vợ sẽ được hẹn tiêm thuốc kích thích buồng trứng và theo dõi bằng siêu âm và xét nghiệm nội tiết. Đến thời điểm trứng trưởng thành người vợ sẽ được hẹn đền bệnh viện để chọc hút trứng. Cũng vào ngày đó, người chồng cũng sẽ đến bệnh viện để lấy tinh trùng. Tinh trùng của người chồng sau đó được xử lý với một số kỹ thuật đặc biệt, để chọn một số ít tinh trùng tốt nhất. Trứng người vợ cũng được xử lý khác với TTTON thông thường để chuẩn bị việc tiêm tinh trùng vào. </font></p>
<p align="justify"><font color="#003366">Kỹ thuật tiêm tinh trùng vào bào tương ứng thường được thực hiện từ 4-6 tiếng sau khi chọc hút trứng. Do kích thước của trứng và tinh trùng rất nhỏ, ICSI phải được thực hiện dưới kính hiển vi phóng đại vài trăm lần. Kỹ thuật này đòi hỏi sự khéo léo trong thao tác của các thành viên thực hiện, nếu không trứng sẽ bị chết và không có sự thụ tinh. Trứng sau khi thụ tinh sẽ được nuôi cấy thành phôi. Khoảng 2 ngày sau, người vợ sẽ được hẹn đến bệnh viện để các bác sĩ chuyển phôi vào buồng tử cung. Như vậy ICSI chỉ khác với TTTON ở một số kỹ thuật trong phòng thí nghiệm; đối với TTTON, khoảng 100.000 tinh trùng sẽ được cấy với 1 trứng, sau đó 1 tinh trùng sẽ tự chui vào trứng. </font></p>
<p align="justify"><font color="#003366">Hiện phương pháp này được sử dụng nhiều nhất do tỉ lệ thành công cao. </font></p>
<p align="justify"><font color="#003366">PESA &#8211; ICSI (Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration &#8211; intracytoplasmic sperm injection): Nếu làm tinh dịch đồ không có tinh trùng (do tắc nghẽn), sẽ sử dụng phương pháp này: chọc hút tinh trùng trong tinh hoàn, sau đó sẽ thao tác như ICSI. </font></p>
<p align="right"><em><font color="#808080">Theo bác sĩ <strong>Hồ Mạnh Tường</strong> (Tổng Thư ký hội Nội tiết Sinh sản và Vô sinh TP.HCM (HOSREM) </font></em></p>
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<p align="justify"><em><font color="#333333">BS. <strong>Phùng Huy Tuân</strong></font></em></p>
<p align="justify"><strong><em><font color="#333333">(theo khoahoc.com.vn)</font></em></strong></p>
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		<title>Hello world!</title>
		<link>http://stepowl.wordpress.com/2007/12/29/hello-world/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 29 Dec 2007 15:27:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>stepowl</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Bé khoẻ bé ngoan]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Welcome to WordPress.com. This is your first post. Edit or delete it and start blogging!<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=stepowl.wordpress.com&amp;blog=2409106&amp;post=1&amp;subd=stepowl&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Welcome to <a href="http://wordpress.com/">WordPress.com</a>. This is your first post. Edit or delete it and start blogging!</p>
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